Ghosn determined to restore his reputation

You would say, ‘Come on. It is a joke.’”

This entire Nissan fiasco has been a senseless joke — as indicated “damaging the company’s capital value, sales, and brand image in the amount of billions of dollars.”

The kind of person that so many here love to hate. Confident, articulate, and totally unrepentant. Billions of dollars in corporate value was wasted in an utterly vindictive exercise in white anting and character destruction.

The reporter failed to include what I, and possibly other readers, would consider to be important information.

Nissan is an international corporation.

The US Securities and Exchange Commission filed this in 2019:

SEC Charges Nissan, Former CEO, and Former Director with Fraudulently Concealing from Investors More than $140 Million of Compensation and Retirement Benefits

Link: https://www.sec.gov/news/press-release/2019-183

Nissan, Ghosn and Kelly were held responsible for intentionally concealing information in stockholder reports.

Nissan paid a $15 million civil penalty.

Ghosn paid a $1 million civil penalty.

Kelly paid a $100,000 civil penalty.

"To settle the charges, Ghosn and Kelly agreed to be permanently enjoined from violating or aiding and abetting violations of the anti-fraud provisions. Ghosn also agreed to a $1 million civil penalty and a 10-year officer and director bar. Kelly agreed to a $100,000 penalty, a five-year officer and director bar and a five-year suspension from practicing or appearing before the Commission as an attorney."

His claims of innocence seem a little hollow to me now. Japan has stronger laws against these fraudulent actions. They thought they could get just pay and go home.

Ghosn

Has become the representation and hate that some foreigners have for Japan's justice system and for Japan itself as The Hero of this Story.

My advice:You come to Japan you follow Japanese rules and laws.

I come to your country:I follow your rules and laws.

You go to South Korea you follow their rules and laws.

You go to China you follow their rules and laws.

Only in Japan the privilege exist to complain soo much about everything and get a pass. Foreigners in S. Korea and China don't complain half as much as foreigners here.

Nissan paid a $15 million civil penalty.

So while Ghosen's hands may not be totally clean, Nissan's fine here makes it seem as they are the larger culprit here.

“I’m going to be there. I’m going to defend my rights as long as I have the energy to do it,” Ghosn, 67, said via Zoom from his home in Beirut. His story is “far from finished,” he said.

Reporters covering this story could have been excused for confusion, once he proudly showed them his bigger, more luxurious shipping container; for comfortable quick exits when and where his future takes him next.

So while Ghosen's hands may not be totally clean, Nissan's fine here makes it seem as they are the larger culprit here.

It was because they failed to audit the filings and financial information properly, not that the "corporation" was involved. This was a scheme cooked up by Ghosn and Kelly.

Nissan officials did seek out prosecutors

Funny how nobody in the Tokyo public prosecutors office thought to see that as a red flag. I guess they were too excited about prosecuting a big fish like Ghosn, and a foreigner no less.

@Peter Neil

Meanwhile, Nissan, Ghosn, and Kelly all settled without admitting or denying such allegations and findings, the SEC stated.

The former CEO's defense team said in a statement, "We are pleased to have resolved this matter in the U.S. with no findings or admission of wrongdoing.

No Peter it is not of any relevance a million Dollars was cheap compared to what he would have to pay lawyers to defend these charges.

Actually it is kind of a strange coincidence that France also bought charges around the same time and since they wouldn't settle Ghosn is defending those said charges.

Seems to me Nissan may have sent them something to get them involved.

Do you think if the US didn't settle with no findings or admission of wrongdoing. that Ghosn would not be fighting it?

Nissan had plenty of money and lawyers to fight it.

No they don't they are on the brink of bankruptcy again.

Ghosn determined to restore his reputation

As far as I am concerned, Mr. Ghosn's reputation is perfectly intact with nothing to clear. It is Japan's disgusting legal system that needs to restore it's reputation. Ghosn has much to offer the world (barr Japan, but who really needs Japan). Wishing Mr.Ghosn and his family long life and happiness, and I am sure that he will continue to be a benefit to many.

"Had" is past tense.

So the US legal system needs to restore its reputation also?

@Peter Neil

So the US legal system needs to restore its reputation also?

Yep they sure do.

.

The cowardly "escape" from justice proves his "reputation"

.

At least 5 people are sitting in prison because of him (in Japan & Turkey)

.

Ghosn is a carpetbagger

.

And JT dignifies this callous self-serving narcissist !

.

Tokyo prosecutors have refused to send his files to Lebanon for the criminal case to be tried there.

Japan's vice minister went there to meet with Lebanon Official.

https://abcnews.go.com/Business/wireStory/japan-sends-vice-justice-minister-lebanon-ghosn-case-69273018

Lebanon willing to corporate and asked for files about Ghosn to be sent to Lebanon from last year until today those files never arrived,

https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2020/01/24/national/crime-legal/lebanon-japan-begin-40-day-countdown-decide-carlos-ghosn-will-stand-trial-sources/

Is it because Japan really rely on confession not actual evidence?

https://www.reuters.com/article/us-nissan-ghosn-son-idUKKCN1OZ0NI

Good idea for him to come back, face a court of law and clear his name.

ReasonandWisdomNipponToday  07:18 am JST

GhosnHas become the representation and hate that some foreigners have for Japan's justice system and for Japan itself as The Hero of this Story.

My advice:You come to Japan you follow Japanese rules and laws.

You forgot to add the part where the same rules that were applied to Ghosn were not applied to Hiroto Saikawa. Maybe update it as follows:

*"You come to Japan, you follow Japanese rules and laws, *but others might not have to"

@Peter Neil

US Securities and Exchange Commission filed this in 2019

https://www.autonews.com/executives/nissan-ghosn-fined-16-million-sec-failing-disclose-pay

SEC decision was made on September 2019, where Ghosn during that time? He was in custody in Japan, still trying to fight his case with limited access to necessary documents. So it's not necessary he is guilty, he just couldn't prove he was innocent at that time. 

If you check again Ghosn's case, all people that become witness they are more guilty than Greg Kelly that now is still fighting for his case.

People that was in that company now speaking about conflict of interest among people who reported Ghosn.

https://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/the-wall-street-journal/possible-conflict-of-interest-flagged-at-nissan-over-ghosn-probe/news-story/09209d079d58c63dde8b5bdbe0e1bf6c

If Ghosn wants to restore his reputation, he should come back to Japan and fight like a man and clear his name in court.

The world is aware now of their feudal an inhuman justice system.

The conception of real democracy and human rights are still not fully comprehended in Japan.

Ghosn and Kelly agreed to pay the penalty before Ghosn was arrested. The settlement was only published on that date.

I'm just stating facts that were not part of the article and many people do not know about. If you don't like the facts, complain to... well, there is no one to complain to. Facts are simply facts.

Carlos Ghosn, the former auto industry superstar whose career screeched to a halt with his arrest three years ago, isn't about to settle into quiet retirement.

Someone will make a movie about this saga and Ghosn can consult. Other than that there’s little he can do, except living in a comfortable retirement,

Lebanon is in a bad shape, hope he can do some charity!!!

@Peter Neil

Ghosn and Kelly agreed to pay the penalty before Ghosn was arrested. The settlement was only published on that date.

I'm just stating facts that were not part of the article and many people do not know about. If you don't like the facts, complain to... well, there is no one to complain to. Facts are simply facts.

Which fact? Inquiry for both Ghosn and his former company from SEC started in January 2019, nothing has been settled during that time

https://abcnews.go.com/Business/wireStory/nissan-cooperating-fully-inquiry-us-sec-60671109

At that time Ghosn already spent his days inside solitary confinement in detention center, starting from November 19th, 2018

https://www.theguardian.com/business/2018/nov/19/nissan-renault-carlos-ghosn-arrest-shares

If he thinks he is innocent, show the evidence, and fight with your energy. Why did he need to run away illegally in the first place while on bail ? Do as the Japanese do when in Japan.

Does this mean the cops are on Nissan's payroll? How did this happen? There are lots of non Japanese who get high salaries in Japan and never hear about any getting busted for anything (well read about a Nestle VP getting busted by J. Cops for DUI). It's hate Japan first and make up facts later. The US has incarceration rate more than 10x that of Japan and Japan is the country with the problem?

@Takaaki Oishi

If he thinks he is innocent, show the evidence, and fight with your energy. Why did he need to run away illegally in the first place while on bail ? Do as the Japanese do when in Japan.

Do as Japanese do? What Japanese do when being forced to make confession? Most of Japanese just confess to a crime that never happened.

https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2011/01/18/national/prosecutors-forced-my-confession-indicted-ozawa-aide/

Do as Japanese do? What Japanese do when being forced to make confession? Most of Japanese just confess to a crime that never happened.

If it's that bad (like the criminal system here is as bad as North Korea's where they put you in the dungeon here) then why would other countries be willing to extradite Ghosn or anyone else to Japan? Anyone knows that the USA, for example, would not extradite anyone to North Korea on trumped-up charges then why do they to Japan? Why did the USA extradite the Taylors to Japan if Japan is that bad with their criminal system?

Ghosn he trying to think out of the box.

Now that he's out of the box anyway.

Yes like a greedy little slippery slimy toad like goblin man .

A good start would be to turn himself in and face justice. He’s for sure not short of money to pay for good lawyers…. Hiding in one of the. OST corrupt countries on the planet doesn’t shine a positive light on this dude. No sympathy lost here…

Takaaki Oishi 09:29 am JST

If he thinks he is innocent, show the evidence, and fight with your energy. Why did he need to run away illegally in the first place while on bail ? Do as the Japanese do when in Japan.

sakurasuki 09:33 am JST

@Takaaki Oishi

If he thinks he is innocent, show the evidence, and fight with your energy. Why did he need to run away illegally in the first place while on bail ? Do as the Japanese do when in Japan.

I found it statistically odd that @Takasaki Oishi received 9 up-votes just minutes after he submitted his post above, and @sakurasuki received 9 down-votes just minutes after he challenged @Takaaki Oishi. Something appears to be amiss.

While I don’t like the way prosecutors handled his case or how he was detained for such a lengthy time prior to indictment, the evidence is pretty clear that he did the things he is accused of.

He did arrange to hide most of his income from Nissan shareholders.

He did engage in some seriously self interested transactions using Nissan money to benefit himself at the company’s expense.

I don’t really see him having a strong claim to public redemption

Whatever you think of Ghosn, guilty or not there was NO WAY he would ever get a fair trial here in Japan!!

I find incredible how many above seem to have no problem with the J-justice system that RAILROADS so many Japanese for decades running, while the rich can LITERALLY buy their way out of trouble!!!

Japan has NOTHING to be proud of in this regard, they are just a little better than the likes of China, I & I hope others expect more form Japan, but with regards to the justice system, Japan is clearly very bad news!!

Foreigners in S. Korea and China don't complain half as much as foreigners here.

They do.

Its not limited to westerners either. My Japanese coworkers in Europe would complain just as much. As did the West African employees, as did the East European employees.

Foreigners in S. Korea...........don't complain half as much as foreigners here.

Except when the furriners are of the Nihonjin persuasion, railing endlessly about those ungrateful ingrates who refuse to accept that the 35 year Occupation was an Asia for the Asians exercise in sweetness and light concluded in extremely generous terms back in 1965.

Ghosn wants a vindication to show it to the Judge of Hell. He didn't do anything bad. He is a victim of bad Japanese Justice.

I feel little sympathy for this guy. Yeah, he was unjustly arrested probably. But guilty men don't flee. If he had stayed in Japan he probably would have got a slap on the wrist. But he fled. He's screwed and will never be able to leave Lebanon. Fleeing is a much bigger crime than whatever financial misconduct he may or may not have done at Nissan.

Why did he need to run away illegally in the first place while on bail ? 

Because only fools think he would get a fair trial in Japan.

Sham from the beginning.

But guilty men don't flee.

Exactly!!!

Freudian slip maybe :)

Does this mean the cops are on Nissan's payroll? 

It only takes one kickback from one of the plotters at Nissan to someone in the government to get it done. Everyone else then just follows orders.

Ghosn was/is corrupt as they come and utterly incompetent if his job was to increase Nissan market share. All he did way cut costs by way of laying off or reducing the salary of hard working, honest Nissan workers.

No wonder USA and some other countries have leapt to his defence.

ReasonandWisdomNippon  07:18 am JST

Foreigners in S. Korea and China don't complain half as much as foreigners here.

Complaints are common in S. Korea and China by the resident Japanese — you know, the foreigners!

I find incredible how many above seem to have no problem with the J-justice system that RAILROADS so many Japanese for decades running, while the rich can LITERALLY buy their way out of trouble!!!

while the rich can LITERALLY buy their way out of trouble!!!

Ummmm, Ghosn is rich

Fra pokeToday 09:59 am JST

A good start would be to turn himself in and face justice.

I doubt he will ever do this. He will continue to stay where he is as long as possible.

It was also reported last year in the media that he is banned to leave Lebanon and had to submit his passports to authorities.

Where can he - and his wife too - really go is a good question.

It's not only about Japan, he is also unwilling to show up in France despite he is holding French citizenship and there is no chance for Japan to convince France to extradite him.

He is also under investigation in France/Netherlands and some of his property he owns in France worth several millions Euro is still confiscated.

Switzerland also is supportive to Japan to look for his secret banking accounts, which might be somewhere hidden in this country.

In USA he would be arrested and extradited to Japan, same as the Taylors. Also his wife, who is US-citizen, might find herself in trouble. He is banned in the States for 10 years from serving as a director of a publicly traded American company after being fined by US-regulators.

He is holding Brazil citizenship, despite no extradition treaty with Japan, the relationship between Japan and Brazil is very good. You never know....

For the Japanese prosecutor Ghosn was a good business. He decided to become an international fugitive, this made him automatically a criminal and millions of dollars he paid to be out on bail are forfeited.

Should he ever enter Japan, a jail sentence cannot be avoided.

Others who assisted him are already in jail in Japan and in Turkey.

The scapegoat is now Kelly, still on trial in Japan, he is far away from being poor, out on bail, but as US-citizen he has no way to disappear.

Foreigners in S. Korea and China don't complain half as much as foreigners here.

I don't know about Korea but in China if a foreigner has trouble with locals, cops proceed from the point the local is at fault. Obviously if investigation proves otherwise the foreigner is penalized.

In Japan it's the opposite though there needs to be overwhelming evidence the local is at fault and will be penalized more lightly than foreigners. It encourages young guys to get aggressive when they otherwise wouldn't.

unfortunately for ghosn, he comes across as a greedy little toad and coward even, for not facing the music in Japan

Name 5 people (that is one hand) in position of power in the entire world who are not greedy ?

truth is, the money and power went to his head. not a crime in itself, but he lost all friends within the company

I guess you did an extensive interview in the company to arrive at this conclusion.

Chosing your own version of events or narrative to believe in is not a crime in itself.

Let me add to your list

You go to NK you follow their rules and laws.

Doesn't mean you will not end up behind bars for drummed up charges

and doesn't mean because you are detained you committed the crimes

you are being accused of.

It was because they failed to audit the filings and financial information properly, not that the "corporation" was involved. This was a scheme cooked up by Ghosn and Kelly.

So Ghosn and Kelly prepared all the documents and did the filings both in Japan and the

U.S. But how could only the two of them do it in Japan with little or no Japanese knowledge ? That is

the simple question that you should be asking yourself.

Meiyouwenti

If Ghosn wants to restore his reputation, he should come back to Japan and fight like a man and clear his name in court.

So you naively belief that you can win a match again someone who is the rulemaker, player and referee.

Wish you luck when you happen to encounter such a situation in life.

Someone will make a movie about this saga and Ghosn can consult. Other than that there’s little he can do, except living in a comfortable retirement,

Lebanon is in a bad shape, hope he can do some charity!!!

Have you been to Lebanon ?

and how is Lebanon in bad shape and how does it impact Ghosn life.

Ok, Japan is in good shape does that mean I and everybody living here is

in good shape ?

Takaaki Oishi

If he thinks he is innocent, show the evidence, and fight with your energy. Why did he need to run away illegally in the first place while on bail ? Do as the Japanese do when in Japan.

How do you find evidence and prove your innocence with your hands tied, limitations and nothing to

work with. "Do as the Japanese do in Japan" that is accept they are guilty, bow and apologize even if

they are innocent.

Hope he is enjoying life in Lebanon. That place is way worse than a nice jail in Japan right now.

If anyone can AFFORD to prove their innocence in J-Pan, it’s this guy

rainyday

While I don’t like the way prosecutors handled his case or how he was detained for such a lengthy time prior to indictment, the evidence is pretty clear that he did the things he is accused of.

He did arrange to hide most of his income from Nissan shareholders.

He did engage in some seriously self interested transactions using Nissan money to benefit himself at the company’s expense.

I don’t really see him having a strong claim to public redemption

Could you please share the evidence you are privy to. I don't remember the case going to court

and evidence presented and contested.

Proxy

Hope he is enjoying life in Lebanon. That place is way worse than a nice jail in Japan right now.

Have you been to Lebanon and have been incarcerated in a nice jail in Japan to qualify to make

the comparison ? Because a country is rich doesn't mean it's citizen are rich and living happily.

It nothing but stereotyped and brainwashed thing.

Have you been to Lebanon ?

Not required to know about it!

and how is Lebanon in bad shape and how does it impact Ghosn life. 

I suggest reading news about Lebanon it is freely available and you don't need to go there to read it.

Ok, Japan is in good shape does that mean I and everybody living here is

in good shape ?

Not all some need to exercise!!

Obviously the other poster meant RICH Japanese. you,d be aware of plenty of examples if you follow J- media ...pretty sure you know that however.

Please enlighten us. Because I don't know of any other story (except for the Nestle VP for DUI) of any gaijin executives experiencing this. Please tell us about these plenty of examples

Have you been to Lebanon and have been incarcerated in a nice jail in Japan to qualify to make the comparison ?

Last week demonstrators against a judge were fired upon, 6 people died, there were gun-battles between Christian and Muslim militias.

Seems I know more about Lebanon!!!

Here is a question, If you knew you where innocent of a crime and had done no wrong doing.

Would you run if you were told that no matter what the government was determined to make an example out of you and would for sure jail you for 15 years and you had the opportunity to run would you?

Have you been to Lebanon ?

Not required to know about it!

and how is Lebanon in bad shape and how does it impact Ghosn life. 

I suggest reading news about Lebanon it is freely available and you don't need to go there to read it.

Ok, Japan is in good shape does that mean I and everybody living here is

in good shape ?

Not all some need to exercise!!

================

You cannot selectively pick bad news about Lebanon on the net and base your comparison

on there are tons of good news on the net as well that you have conveniently ignored because it is contrary to your stereotyped thinking and because there are bad news doesn't mean they are true, there are tons of bad news about Japan as well doesn't mean Japan is bad based on the bad stuff on the net. You said Lebanon was in bad shape , did you mean Lebanon was in bad shape because of lack of exercise then why try to deflect by saying "some need to exercise". Bad shape meant as in economy, as in livelihood of the citizens.

Has become the representation and hate that some foreigners have for Japan's justice system and for Japan itself as The Hero of this Story.

My advice:You come to Japan you follow Japanese rules and laws.

I come to your country:I follow your rules and laws.

You go to South Korea you follow their rules and laws.

You go to China you follow their rules and laws.

Ghosn is an out and out criminal. Japanese prosecutors must be congratulated though in hindsight he should never have gotten bail. In Western Europe and USA, super-rich white collar criminals aren't prosecuted. They are above the law. But if a Nissan worker steals a pair of shoes, he or she will be prosecuted to the fullest extent of the law.

Having said that, your constant whining about how foreigners act in Japan has become tedious. It's true but only for a very small minority of foreigners. Maybe excepting American armed forces personnel but they are an occupying force the Japanese ruling class supports. Not the fault of foreigners living here.

Furthermore, Ghosn was the attack dog Japanese capitalists brought in to ruthlessly deal with Nissan workers. If he didn't get ridiculously greedy, he would have been and was being handsomely rewarded by the Japanese ruling class to do their dirty work.

 kept in solitary confinement

I'd prefer solitary confinement to shared one.

in a small, spartan cell

Japanese housing is like that. But I heard that Ghosn was given a bigger room.

Ghosn was being tortured through sleep deprivation in detention in Japan.

Of course, he was allowed freedom to be confined at home after a lengthy period but who would not want to get away from such a regime?

"Tokyo prosecutors have refused to send his files to Lebanon for the criminal case to be tried there."

Why? is it because there is no evidence? well nothing of credability, what have they got to loose other then there reputation since the whole scandle is a farce? why cant the Japanese prosecutors sent copies to Lebanon? what is there problem? IF, your argument is so water tight and damming, send it, why cant they have a trial with all parties via a secure televised link? I cant see this happening as it seems that Japan want to control the whole process, and it cant, so it looks like there acting like a spolit child that cant get its own way.

As for Nissan, I hope it collapses and goes bankrupt.

Could you please share the evidence you are privy to. I don't remember the case going to court and evidence presented and contested.

You can read the results of the investigation that was conducted in order to make governance improvements at Nissan in the wake of the scandal at the link below. This is not the result of the criminal investigation, but the facts are essentially the same.

Also, Ghosn doesn’t deny having done most of what he is accused of doing, his defence rested on the argument that those acts did not constitute the criminal offences he was charged with.

https://www.nissan-global.com/PDF/200116-03-e_Improvement-Measures-Status-Report.pdf

You cannot selectively pick bad news about Lebanon on the net and base your comparison

Ok, gun-battles in the streets of the Capital aren't exactly something you can ignore.

 Bad shape meant as in economy, as in livelihood of the citizens.

Have you heard about the fuel shortages, the fact that 80% of the population has fallen into poverty in 2 years, food prices shooting up, shortage of medicines......

I can go on you know but these are enough to show the mess that Lebanon is in!!

Well... Ghosn may be not innocent, I mean... could be a sort of guilty... well, you know, he might have done those things as charged but, but, J-Justice is terrible , Ghosn is irrelevant to how J-Justice is. that was my point..

This seems where JT community is standing at this point.

He doesn't (actually didn't ) fight against the facts charged in US to protect his reputation period

Nissan was charged for the same charges as Kelly and Ghosn.

Nissan was declared guilty, but wasn't indicted.

My question is:

Isn't Ghosn and Kelly part of Nissan?

Who decides the members of the Nissan Team?

How could you have a fair trial when the Plaintiff the prosecutor the judge and the judicial system are all working against you??

‘Hes eager to travel outside of lebanon’ OR he wants to escape Lebanon economic turmoil so he could continue to enjoy his privileged life? Seems like a selfish a##h###.

That’s a well known and also statistical fact, not at all xenophobic.

Ghosn’s new wife is screaming at him to get them out of Lebanon where Civil strife is turning into armed conflict amidst supply shortages, skyrocketing prices and a faltering economy. He made his own bed and now he hast to sleep in it

This Case SHOULD, go to The Hague, where the WORLD can see how the Japanese Achieve “Justice”…this will be fascinating

Takaaki OishiOct. 23  09:29 am JST

If he thinks he is innocent, show the evidence, and fight with your energy. Why did he need to run away illegally in the first place while on bail ? Do as the Japanese do when in Japan.

Have you ever been to Japan?

I think what a lot of people from Japan fail to appreciate is how the justice system is seen by many foreigners as not being fairly applied.

Of course, this is something we see across the world where the rich can often get away with things others cannot here.

This case however appears to many to highlight the treatment of a foreigner vs Japanese defendants.

When someone as powerful and wealthy as Ghosn is arrested and incarcerated while his Japanese colleagues walk away free, then foreigners question "what chance would we have in such a situation"?

United Nations did condemn the unfairness and abuse on Ghosn.

The last US senator that was delegated to Japan criticizes publicly the unfairness in Kelly's case.

The critics are piling up.

Sad thing is, just like the policies that make it hard for young people to start families creating a demographic time bomb, the old guard refuse to change their ways.

As a result, less and less of the highly skilled from abroad will opt to come here. Any high caliber executives will think long and hard before accepting a position in a Japanese company after what happened to Ghosn.

As for criticism of the Japanese judicial system, any actual acquaintance with comparative legal studies indicates the outcomes between Japan and the USA are similar.

The conviction rate is high all over the world, but USA is different from other countries because the half of the prisoners in the world is in USA. It may have something to do with the fact that US prisons are private companies that have to make profit for shareholders. Besides, Japan's prosecution rate is very low.

Japan and the USA are far from similar.

tinawatanabeOct. 24  08:51 pm JST

The conviction rate is high all over the world, but USA is different from other countries because the half of the prisoners in the world is in USA.

Would love to see the source for this gem. Of course, I doubt we will.

Yep he really needs to restore his reputation, it's hard to think he's enjoying his life right now.

He's a smart guy he must realize by now he shouldn't have done in Japan what he gets away with in other countries

Pls go for it Carlos. Never give up,think about all your family and friends that believe in U.